Economic Factors Of The Migration - 1175 Words

decision? Economic reasons are the key factor to migration. The poor financial condition and unemployment drives migrants to urban areas or other countries. Skilled labor get better job opportunities and wages when immigrate. Migration to urban area helps immigrants to overcome poverty and provide a better financial condition. Most of the migrants invest their money in education and financial investments. Non- economic factors include the better quality of life and better education. In most of the rural area, the educational system and standard of living is very low so when the migrants are better employed and gets better income they move their family to urban life. c) What are the main determinants of the migration decision? The main reason for migration is the individual’s comparison with the cost of migration and the benefits from it. If the benefit is larger, then the individual decides to migrate. The cost-benefit analysis depends on socio-economic characteristics (like the labor market status, the level of human capital), social and cultural characteristic view (like languages), distance to move and social securities. Two factors of determinants of the migration are micro (individual level) and macro (aggregate). †¢ Micro level: The most important for determinants of the migration in individual level are the immediate job opportunities and high wages by other countries. Other factors are low price for housing and good quality of life. †¢ Macro level: Socio-economicShow MoreRelatedGlobal Migrations Between 1700 Ce And 1900 Ce842 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Migrations CCOT Between 1700 CE and 1900 CE, the world saw radical growth and change. New inventions, technologies and innovations led to major shifts in power and new societies emerged. A common theme between these two dates is the migration of peoples for a variety of reasons. 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Globalization is the global economic integrationRead MoreIllegal Migration796 Words   |  4 Pagesillegal migration many theorist tend to only skim the surface by and assume the most important determining factor in leaving or staying is solely based on the economic aspects. This machine not only produces a numerous amount of illegal migration, it fosters it into a sophisticated labor control system that is manipulated by social, market (labor and economic market) and political factors. Although economic means is neither the only nor the most important determinant in illegal migration it wasRead MoreThe Effect of Rural-Urban Migration in South Africa Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesrural-urban migration on the four districts of the North West province in South Africa using Manova technique. INTRODUCTION This proposal is about the effect of rural-urban migration on the four districts of the North West province in South Africa. 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Half of million Nepalese young people are working in the foreign country and hundreds of thousands are working inside the country for the reason that remittance can help immediate country’s economic, social and political stability. What is Migration? People cannot leave without moving and this is the continuous phenomenon which resulted in a different apparatus connecting economic, social, cultural, political, psychologicalRead MoreMigration Within a Countrys Borders Have Greater Negative Impacts at Their Origin Than Their Destination1338 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Migration within a country’s borders have greater negative impacts at their origin than their destination†. Discuss the statement [15 marks] Introduction * Definition of migration and internal migration * Reasons why people move (Push/Pull Factors) * Explain Lee’s migration model * Types of Internal Migration (Inter-urban, Intra-urban, counter urbanisation, urbanisation) Body * Social. Economic. Environmental. Political. 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Furthermore, A ccording to the Benton-Smith statistic, London is the 5th International city in the world after NY, Toronto, Dubai and LA.That is why I am choosing this city. This research will analyze the impacts of migration to the London in the differentRead MoreThe Strength Of A State Exists On A Continuum1310 Words   |  6 Pagesreoccurring mass violence. This is epitomized by the case of the history of violence in Guatemala, further exacerbated by the international intervention of corporations and the American government. Corporate intervention has acted as a destabilizing factor pushing the modernization process faster than the government can keep up. The American government has further affected the political landscape by intervening in warfare be it by supporting authoritarian regimes or direct weapon transfer. (THESIS)

Environmental Science I Syllabus Free Essays

Respect the learning and safety of others: Be punctual. Be safe. Be thoughtful. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Science I Syllabus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Exploration of science through trial and error and testing hypotheses will be fostered in this class, so an environment of respect and safety is key. Treat others the way you want to be treated, with thoughtfulness and courtesy. Be prompt: early or on time. No one’s time is more important that the next person. We must use the time we have to learn together wisely. Respect every member of the classroom’s personal space, belongings, and ideas. All students are to take care of the materials and lab environment created in our class. Leave it as it was when you got there or in better condition. Derogatory comments (including profanity) will not be tolerated. Science is learned through experiment, so you will be taught and tested over the safety of our science lab space, to ensure safety. You are expected to follow these science lab procedures and policies. O Note: Due to safety considerations, all bags and belongings will be placed in the teacher-designated area. This will be strictly enforced for our safety. 2. Strive for excellence each day. Be prepared. Be engaged. Be responsible. Do your best! Perfection is not attainable, but if we chase perfection we can catch excellence. † Vince Lombardi Everyone must be prepared, so we do not waste time. Have your all your materials for class with you in your seat when the bell rings. Actively participate and engage in class activities and discussions. Always do your best work. I expect quality in every assignment, no matter how small or large. Students are responsi ble for assignment due dates, Late Work Policy, and Make-up Work Policy on next page. Students are expected to follow all Little Rock School District policies, which are See Ms. Thompson Rituals and Procedures document for specific daily classroom rituals. Consequences for Poor Decisions: All decisions in life have equal consequences. Below are the disciplinary steps taken if you choose to not follow the classroom expectations, rituals, and procedures. 1. Verbal Warning 2. Parent Phone Call 3. Referral to Assistant Principal 4. Referral with SIS Recommendation 5. Referral with ZOOS Recommendation Parent Conference The teacher reserves the right to send any student out of the classroom or to the office on referral for extremely disruptive, inappropriate, or severe behavior. Under no circumstance should the teacher have to ask a student to leave the classroom more than once. Absences and Make-up Work: All absent students will be allowed to make up work. This is the responsibility of the student, not the teacher. The student is responsible for work assigned prior to his or her absence. Announced deadlines for long-term assignments, projects, and/or research papers must be honored regardless of attendance. Family emergencies are the only exception to this rule. Tests must be made up the day of your return to lass. See the USSR regarding this policy. Students will need to retrieve their make- up work from a responsible classmate and our online Gaggle classroom where all assignments and notes are posted. Late Work: Any minor assignment can be turned in within one day of the original due date for half credit. It will not be accepted after that time. You are expected to meet all class deadlines. Students must sign the â€Å"Late Work† log if they fail to meet the announced deadline. Food and Drink: Students are allowed to have drinks with lids. However, this is a privilege that will be lab days. Communication and Extra Help: I want you to succeed, and I believe that you can. If you ever meet an obstacle on your path to success, please feel free to visit for extra help in the morning before school or after school. I am always available by email (Meghan. thompson@lrsd. Org) to assist you or your parents however I can. Please do not wait until the end of the nine weeks to seek help if you are having trouble. This will be too late to get you back on track to succeed. Deadline is a great way for both your family and you to keep up with your grades, use it frequently. Let’s work together to make it the best year we can! How to cite Environmental Science I Syllabus, Papers

Critique of Research Findings Research Literature

Question: Describe about the Critique of Research Findings for Research Literature. Answer: The purpose of the critique essay is to critically analyze a quantitative and a qualitative research literature to support research development. The process of research critique will be employed to analyze different elements of two articles and determine their importance in the field of research. The reviewer will first analyze the two research article and then undertake a critical analysis of the two studies. The essay first starts with defining research critique and understanding the process by which it is carried out. It explains the stages of critiquing which a reviewer can adopt during the process. Many evidence-based professions require employees to be able to understand and critique research findings. Using an appropriate framework is useful in analyzing each section of the literature (Creswell, 2014).For the critical analysis of two articles, first, a summary will be provided for the topic. Then according to the quantitative and qualitative framework, it will critique one com pulsory section of the article and three other sections of the article to evaluate the findings. The three optional parts that will be reviewed are an introduction, discussion and literature review part. Finally, it will identify how these researches relate health care practice in New Zealand/Aotearoa. Research critique is a process of critical evaluation or appraisal of a research report. It is defined as the systematic, unbiased and careful examination of different aspects of research to judge its value, merits and significance based on relevant knowledge of the topic. Critiquing an article requires intellectual skill and critical thinking to determine the effectiveness of research findings (Clarke Collier, 2015). It is a professional way of analyzing the weakness and strength of a research article. The purpose of critique analysis is to judge whether this research work should be published or not, provide useful comments on a work before it is published. It also acts a learning experience for developing their research skills by reviewing research study. A critiques reviewer explains how well the researcher has carried out different elements of the research process (Howarth et al, 2016). A research critique first determines the purpose of a study by question like- What is the nee d for this research?', will the study improve knowledge about the subject?', or Is the study relevant to professional practice?'. In the next step, they consider the research design as this is a complicated process and requires adequate planning to work according to a theory or framework. For this reason, reviewer tries to identify how the data was collected. In a similar way, research critique analyzes the different section of the research article like methodology, aim, results and other sections (Welch Paavilainenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Mntymki, 2014). The approaches for critiquing are to be objective and be constructive to comment on strength, weakness and suggest other alternatives that the researcher could have taken. The importance of research critique lies in magnifying the understanding for the use of data in real practice and in implementing the evidence based professional practice (Sturm Antonakis, 2015). The qualitative research article is on the topic of barriers to nurses adherence to Central Venous Catheter (CVC) guidelines done by the authors Alvin. D. Jeffery and Rita H. Pickler in the year 2014. CVC care practices are evidence based, but many nurses do not adhere to this practice contributing to nosocomial infections. Thus considering this problem the aim of this study was to explore barrier to adherence of CVC care practice in nursing. A descriptive phenomenological method was utilized to interview 10 participants. The data was analyzed by Colaizzi's method, and the finding showed that interventions are needed to reduce barriers identified (Jeffery Pickler, 2014). The method used in the first qualitative research is very apt to understand the nurse's perceived barriers to CVC as data collection in this method helps in describing the lived phenomenological experience. A research study by Smyth et al., (2016) on CVC dressing showed that phemenological method helps to explore nurses perceived experience with CVC dressing. This research article has also appropriately utilized the phemonological method and the author has ensured that they do not deviate from the aim of the research. The strategy for inclusion criteria also helped in getting appropriate participants, and the technique of audio recording assisted in the immersion of the data. The Colaizzi method of data analysis contributed to extracting significant statements and taking additional input lead to getting information about barriers to CVC practice in the nurse. The result findings were also important as participants reported not just environmental barriers but also their personal cogni tive factors acting as a barrier to adhering to CVC practice (Jeffery Pickler, 2014). On the whole, the research finding gave valuable implication to improve barriers in health care system and implement informatics team to facilitate adherence to guidelines. MARTNEZ-MOREL et al., (2016) studying the same topic showed that education programme improves nurses compliance to CVC guideline and reduces the burden of bloodstream infection. The introduction of the first article begins with the report on patients dying every year due to medical errors and the main role of the nurse in this context as they spent the largest proportion of time with patients. The author efficiently reports the problems by stating that efforts has been done to reduce errors in the system but not on the eliminating barriers that prevent nurse from accepting the standard of practice (Jeffery Pickler, 2014). Thus the rationale for the study became apparent with this statement and it also shifted focus on the aim of the research and the immediate attention required addressing the problem. A study on prevalence of CLABSI infection by Mirabel-Chambaud et al., (2016) has shown that introduction mainly starts with identifying the problem and then proceeding towards the purpose of research. This is evident from the study which began with the report on impact of CLABSI infection in a hospital and the then moving towards identifying the barrier in nur ses. The literature in the first article has been logically developed by stating the main problem faced due to non-adherence to CVC guidelines. It reported the prevalence of central-line associated bloodstream infection and the cost to the health system (Jeffery Pickler, 2014). However, the author seems to be summarizing the key points of each literature study, but they have not objectively analyzed the strength and weakness of this study. Although the literature outlined the current understanding of the topic, but it is not an integrated review as critical analysis of each literature is missing. A study by Becerra et al., (2016) is an example of integrated review which measures the prevalence, risk factors and outcome of CVC in different literature and also analyzed the gap in the study. The discussion related to nurse perceived barrier to adherence to a standardized care practice shows that the researcher could find the answer to the research hypothesis. They also compared their finding with other researchers by stating that their result was consistent with findings from other studies in the barriers like time demands, documentation, and staffing (Jeffery Pickler, 2014). Different facts mentioned in literature review also surfaced in this part and thus it complemented existing literature. The author has not mentioned any weakness of this study, but only gave implications for future research on the topic. From the analysis of a peer review study by Howarth et al., (2016), one can interpret that identifying the gap in literature is also a skill as it helps in finding the future scope of the study. However, the study was valuable as it showed that nurses are aware of barriers to adherence, and they also use strategies to rationalize non-adherence. The second article is a quantitative research article on comparative evaluation of antimicrobial-coated versus nonantimicrobial coated peripherally inserted central catheters on patient outcomes carried out in the year 2016. The author of this randomized controlled trial included Susan Storey, Erica Newkirk, Jamie Brown, Angela Foley, Jan Powers, Julie Barger and Karen Piage. As CVCs are associated with life-threatening infections like bloodstream infection, the aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of chlorhexidine (CHG) impregnated central catheter versus non-CHG peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) on blood infection. 167 patients in 3 high-risk units were randomly assigned CHG impregnated or non-CHG PICC to analyze the risk of infections. The findings showed that no difference was noted in the development of infection between CHG and non-CHG groups (Storey et al., 2016). The quantitative article on evaluation of antimicrobial-coated PICC on associated outcomes is a comprehensive research that has covered all the aspects of quantitative research accurately. The need for antimicrobial coated PICC was explicitly explained in view of infections like CLABSI and venous thromboembolism (Chopra et al., 2013). Each element of the investigation is flowing in a coherent and consistent manner which is evident by the method utilized, inclusion strategy and stratified sampling done to ensure adequate participants were taken. The study finding was also accurate and linked to other research objective by Craven Craven, (2016) which showed that there is no relation between the type of PICC line and the type of infection acquired in the patient However, the research is constructive stating both the limitations and the weakness of the study. Within the scope of their methods and number of participants, they did a thorough research which was useful and showed that more action is required in the application of PICC line rather than modifying it (Storey et al., 2016). The introduction is the major highlight of the article on the impact of types of PICC lines on patient outcomes. It strength lies in clearly stating the problem associated with CVCs and how it contributes to problems like CLABSI and VTE in the patient. The author has described the factors associated with each type of infection extremely well and by reading it, readers get a good idea about the risk related to CVCs. It has explicitly mentioned the steps taken to prevent CLABSI by different insertion techniques like CHG, but it also highlighted that there is the lack of research on the impact of antimicrobial-coated PICC on the development of CLABSI or VTE (Storey et al., 2016). The article on appropriate utilization of PICC line by Mikolajczak et al., (2016) also highlighted in the introduction section that PICC line are more invasive than other options and expose them to further risk of CLABSI Thus, the transition from stating the problem to moving towards the need to carry out this research was accurately mentioned by authors. The literature developed in this research is not on the topic that is being investigated, but it gives detail on the techniques and maintenance adopted to prevent CLABSIs. The authors have provided the detail on insertion technique utilized such as site preparation using chlorhexidine (CHG), sterile barriers, sterile insertion procedures like using mask, gloves and preventing femoral site infection. Evidence-based studies showed that antimicrobial catheter is also used when if there is no improvement in CLABSI rate. Thus literature review by authors gave detail on CLABSI occurring due to CVCs located in femoral, subclavian and jugular veins (Worth et al., 2015). However, no literature review is done on the aim of research as there is the lack of research on the impact of antimicrobial PICC on the development of CLABSI or VTE. The article on prospective study on incidence of complication in cancer patient with PICC explored the impact of PICC on development of infection too (Bertoglio et al., 2016). The discussion of the research contributed in fulfilling the objective of research and gave the answer to the impact of antimicrobial-coated PICC on different types of infection in patients. The discussion section was accurate as it evaluated the research finding related to CLABSI, VTE, and post-insertion bleeding separately. The author could finally conclude that no difference was noted in the development of infection between non-CHG and CHG PICC group. The information in the discussion is explicit with a clear statement on strength and weakness of the study. It also compared their study with other researchers and showed that their finding differ from other study by Moureau Chopra, (2016) which showed that CHG PICC group had reduced risk It was also useful in providing a rationale for variations in systems like reducing risk by insertion, daily assessment, and dressing changes (Storey et al., 2016). The findings of the research will have valuable implication for nursing practice in New Zealand as health care could take lessons from the research finding and implement efforts that focus on improvement in system and nurses too to reduce error in using CVC practice. One literature investigated the current medical and nursing management of CVC in Australia and New Zealand and compared it with evidence-based practice guideline. The findings showed that great diversity exists in current practices, and some aspects vary from CDC guideline (Taylor et al., 2014). Another literature also showed that uncertainty exists regarding the management of newborn infants with blood stream infection and central venous catheter in place (Vasudevan et al., 2016).Thus, health care system could get an idea from two research on how to improve the system to reduce risk in the hospital setting due to the use of CVC (Storey et al., 2016). From the critical analysis of a qualitative and quantitative research article, one can get an idea about the important elements of research done by respective authors. It brought into focus the problem of nurses not adhering to for the use of CVC in clinical practice and risk of infection due to antimicrobial infected PICC. The detailed evaluation of both research article helped in extracting important data on the topic that could have useful implication on future research practice. Both the research was successful in their own way to get the answer to the objective of the research. It gave new information about how health care system can act by utilizing the information and implement change in system and practices to provide safe health care delivery. Reference Becerra, M. B., Shirley, D., Safdar, N. (2016). Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of idle intravenous catheters: An integrative review.American Journal of Infection Control. Bertoglio, S., Faccini, B., Lalli, L., Cafiero, F., Bruzzi, P. (2016). Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in cancer patients under chemotherapy: A prospective study on the incidence of complications and overall failures.Journal of surgical oncology,113(6), 708-714. Chopra, V., O'Horo, J. C., Rogers, M. A., Maki, D. G., Safdar, N. (2013). The risk of bloodstream infection associated with peripherally inserted central catheters compared with central venous catheters in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,34(09), 908-918. Clarke, S., Collier, S. (2015). Research essentials: How to critique quantitative research.Nursing children and young people,27(9), 12-12. Craven, D. E., Craven, K. A. (2016). Vascular Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections. InSurgical Intensive Care Medicine(pp. 389-405). Springer International Publishing. Creswell, J. W. (2014).A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage Publications. Howarth, D., Glynos, J., Griggs, S. (2016). Discourse, explanation and critique.Critical Policy Studies, 1-6. Howarth, D., Glynos, J., Griggs, S. (2016). Discourse, explanation and critique.Critical Policy Studies, 1-6. Jeffery, A. D., Pickler, R. H. (2014). Barriers to nurses adherence to central venous catheter guidelines.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(7/8), 429-435. MARTNEZ-MOREL, H. R., Sanchez-Pay, J., GARCA-SHIMIZU, P., MENDOZA-GARCA, J. L., Tenza-Iglesias, I., RODRGUEZ-DAZ, J. C., ... Nolasco, A. (2016). Effectiveness of a programme to reduce the burden of catheter-related bloodstream infections in a tertiary hospital.Epidemiology and infection,144(9), 2011. Mikolajczak, A., Seburn, S., Ward, S., Barra, M. (2016). Ensuring Appropriate Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) Utilization.American Journal of Infection Control,44(6), S90. Mirabel-Chambaud, E., N'Guyen, M., Valdeyron, M. L., Quessada, T., Goudable, J., Loras-Duclaux, I., ... Peretti, N. (2016). Dramatic increase of central venous catheter-related infections associated with a high turnover of the nursing team.Clinical Nutrition,35(2), 446-452. Moureau, N., Chopra, V. (2016). Indications for Peripheral, Midline, and Central Catheters: Summary of the Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters Recommendations.Journal of the Association for Vascular Access,21(3), 140-148. Smyth, W., McArdle, J., Gardner, A. (2016). Central venous catheter exit site dressings: Balancing patients' needs, nurses' experiences and the research evidence.Wound Practice Research: Journal of the Australian Wound Management Association,24(1), 41. Storey, S., Brown, J., Foley, A., Newkirk, E., Powers, J., Barger, J., Paige, K. (2016). A comparative evaluation of antimicrobial coated versus nonantimicrobial coated peripherally inserted central catheters on associated outcomes: A randomized controlled trial.American journal of infection control,44(6), 636-641. Sturm, R. E., Antonakis, J. (2015). Interpersonal Power A Review, Critique, and Research Agenda.Journal of Management,41(1), 136-163. Taylor, J. E., McDonald, S. J., Tan, K. (2014). A survey of central venous catheter practices in Australian and New Zealand tertiary neonatal units.Australian Critical Care,27(1), 36-42. Vasudevan, C., Oddie, S. J., McGuire, W. (2016). Early removal versus expectant management of central venous catheters in neonates with bloodstream infection.The Cochrane Library. Welch, C., Paavilainenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Mntymki, E. (2014). Putting process (back) in: research on the internationalization process of the firm.International Journal of Management Reviews,16(1), 2-23. Worth, L. J., Spelman, T., Bull, A. L., Brett, J. A., Richards, M. J. (2015). Central line-associated bloodstream infections in Australian intensive care units: Time-trends in infection rates, etiology, and antimicrobial resistance using a comprehensive Victorian surveillance program, 2009-2013.American journal of infection control,43(8), 848-852.

Unbroken Essay Essay Example

Unbroken Essay Paper Unbroken Essay Unbroken is a non-fiction book written by Laura Hildebrand. Unbroken is about Lieu Simpering, an Italian American that lives in Torrance, California, soon to be an Olympic miler and bombardier of the air force. He was born in January 26, 1 917, at 5 years old, Lieu would smoke cigarettes while walking to kindergarten, and at 8 years old he would start drinking. He had a very troublesome childhood; he would steal around his neighborhood and would eat anything that was edible. He would be bullied because he was a small kid hen his dad taught him how to fight so, then he started picking fights but he always admired his older brother Pete. One day when Lieu was caught sneaking people in to a basketball game by using his home key (he found out theres a 1/50 chance of a fitting a key to any lock), was later almost suspended by the principal and was no longer able to participate in any sport or school activity. Pete begged to the principle to let Lieu participate in a sport in which later Pete convinced Lieu to join track and found out he was good at running but Lieu didnt like running so, he did it for the applause. Pete started coaching Lieu and he commenced to break records and earned the nickname Torrance Tornado. Lieu participated in an Olympic 5000 qualifier and lost but despite the loss he got invited to the final of the Olympic in NY. He was able to compete in the Berlin Olympics of 1936 even though he placed in 2nd place in the finals in a finish so close, Lieu later said, you couldnt put a hair be;men us. We will write a custom essay sample on Unbroken Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unbroken Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unbroken Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When missing 7th place he impresses the audience and meets Hitler who says, Ah, youre the boy with the fast finish. What was so impressive was his sat lap which broke record his final time, 14:46. 8, was by far the fastest 5000 run by any American in 1 936, almost 12 seconds faster than Lashs best for the year. Lieu got in trouble with the Nazis when he wanted to take the Nazi flag as a souvenir and later replied that he wanted a souvenir of the happy time he had had in beautiful Germany so they let him go and let him take the flag. When the press wanted to hear about Louses adventure he had 2 versions of how he got the flag in one version, Hitler himself had allowed him to keep the flag. In another, Lieu had concealed the flag so cleverly that it was never discovered. He had done it all, went the story, to win the heart of a girl. After the Olympics were finished the Olympic Village was transformed into a military barracks. Coming back from the Olympics Lieu attended the University of Southern California, making friends with Jimmie Assai, who was later found out as a Japanese spy/war criminal whose attempts to pass as a student were apparently an elaborate ruse. Lieu was looking forward to the next Olympics but was later cancelled because of World War II. In 1941, Lieu joined the Army Corps, but drops out later on. But, Lieu doesnt read the papers Of resignation from the Air corps to find out later after signing he had agreed to rejoin them so he became a bombardier. Louses aircrew was made up of Phillips, temporary co-pilot gross, Simpering, Mitchell, Douglas, Pillsbury, Clansman, Monster, Lambert, and Brooked. They were a very talented crew and their first mission that was also successful was on Wake Atoll. After the battle of Naira, some of the men survived an attack on their base on Funfair. Their first plane was called superman but was later unable to function after contact by some zeros where 2 crewmen died from bleeding in the skull and another from being shot. Their plane after Superman was Green Hornet which wasnt air worthy, had new crew members and had engine failures over 200 miles from base and caused them to crash and as a result only Lieu, Mac, and Phil survived. They drifted in the Pacific Ocean for 46 days. The first day Mac panicked and ate all of the food rations. They survived on the birds to use as bait and sometimes food when they didnt catch any pilot fish. When dying of thirst Lieu prayed to god and promised, If god would quench their thirst, he vowed, hed dedicate his life to him. Rain would fall the next day. Before reaching land Mac died and the Japanese Ana captured them. The Japanese didnt inform America of the capture of Lieu. They let Lieu and Phillip recover in a hospital then they Were transferred to a prisoner camp where they thought they Were going to be executed. Since Lieu was a famous Olympic runner, he was given harsh treatment by the guards. He was sent to a camp in Tokyo where he received ritual treatment from Mouthier Wattage a. K. A The Bird. A Japanese propagandist wanted to use Lieu to make pro-Japanese broadcasts to America then was punished for refusing. The men were completely cut off from news of the war until the guards let them go when the war was over. Lieu was sent to a hospital to realize later that he would never run again. When Lieu finally came home their family were ecstatic to see their once little Lieu was well alive but were not aware of his OPTS until during a homecoming he started having flashbacks and spit at any person that looked Japanese. He had nightmares when the Bird was beating him. After meeting Cynthia for 2 weeks he decided to ask her for marriage. Lieu became a hard drinker and sadly Cynthia wanted a divorce. Cynthia has a religious awakening and decides to not file a divorce after meeting Billy Graham. Cynthia managed to convince Lieu to attend a Billy Grahams sermon. Lieu remembers the day with Phillip where he promises to god, if he saved them, he would serve god forever. Lieu stops drinking, stops having nightmares, forgives The Bird, started giving talks and making appearances to tell his adventures.

The Rocking-Horse Winner essays

The Rocking-Horse Winner essays In the short story "The Rocking-Horse Winner," D.H. Lawrence presents an upper class family that was destroyed by greed because they always felt like no matter how much money they had, they always needed more. Neither the mother nor the father showed his or her love for the children and they were both greedy. Their greed consumed and corrupted their innocent children which ended in tragedy and death. This story's main theme is that greed destroys all in its path, and sometimes gets in the way of the truth and takes the place of love. In the story the mother and father are loveless and greedy. Greed consumes the mother's thoughts and distorts her outlook on life. She thinks that money is much more important than anything else, including her children, and no matter how much money she acquires she can never be happy. Of her three children, Paul was the one who was driven by his mother's greed. He developed a ridiculous obsession to try and win his mother's love. He begins riding his wooden rocking horse to find the winner of the horse races. He wins money by betting on his winning horse and he becomes obsessed. His riding In many ways, money turns to evil and distorts the way of life for greedy people. At the beginning of the story Paul would "sit on his big rocking horse, charging madly into space..." later it says, "He knew the horse could take him to where there was luck, if only he forced it" (998). This shows how Paul's outlook on luck is distorted due to his mothers reasoning. He becomes obsessed with riding his rocking horse to go where there is luck which all boils down to money, and in the end Paul dies because of his riding the horse. Paul's quest for winning money for his mother got so bad, that one dark night, two nights before the Derby, a big race, his mother was out at a party and he was put to bed. His anxiety about the winner kept him from sleeping ...

CDA Assignments

CDA Assignments Essay ?COMPETENCY GOAL I To establish and maintain a safe, healthy learning environment 1. Provide a summary of the legal requirements in your state regarding child abuse and neglect (including contact information for the appropriate agency) and also your program’s policy regarding your responsibility to report child abuse and neglect. 2. Include the current certificate of completion of a certified pediatric first-aid training course (that includes treatment for blocked airway and for providing rescue breathing for infants and young children). Certification must have been within the past 3 years. . Use the Internet, the public library, or your program’s professional library to obtain the name and contact information for an agency that supplies information on nutrition for children and/or nutrition education for families. 4. Provide a sample of your weekly plan that includes goals for children’s learning and development, brief descriptions of planned learning experience s, and also accommodations for children with special needs (whether for children you currently serve or may serve in the future). COMPETENCY GOAL II To advance physical and intellectual competence 5. Select 4 songs, fingerplays, word games, or poems that you can use to promote phonological awareness. Describe strategies to promote phonological awareness among children whose home language is other than English. 6. Describe 9 learning experiences for 3-, 4-, and 5-year old children (3 for 3-year olds, 3 for 4-year olds, 3 for 5-year olds). Each learning experience should promote physical, cognitive, and creative development. Describe the goals, materials, and teaching strategies used. COMPETENCY GOAL III To support social and emotional development and to provide positive guidance 7. Provide the titles, authors, publishers, copyright dates, and short summaries of 10 age-appropriate children’s books that you use to support development of children’s self-concept and self-esteem and to help children deal with life challenges. 8. Use the Internet, the public library, or your program’s professional library to obtain at least 2 resources designed to assist teachers in constructively dealing with children with challenging behaviors (such as aggressive behavior like hitting or biting, or shyness). 9. Provide the name and telephone number of an agency in the community where you work for making referrals to family counseling. COMPETENCY GOAL IV To establish positive and productive relationships with families 10. Find out where to obtain resources, materials, and translation services for families whose home language is other than English. Provide the agency name and contact information. 11. Document your program’s policies that specify parents’ responsibilities and what the program does for parents. COMPETENCY GOAL V To ensure a well-run, purposeful program responsive to participant needs 12. Provide 3 samples of record-keeping forms used in early childhood programs. Include an accident report, emergency form, and a 3rd form of your choice. COMPETENCY GOAL VI To maintain a commitment to professionalism 13. Use the Internet, the public library, or your program’s professional library to obtain the name, address, and phone number of your state’s agency that regulates child care centers and homes. Describe 2 important requirements related to your job responsibilities. 14. Review the websites of 2 or 3 national early childhood associations (1 with a local affiliate) to obtain information about membership, their resources, and how to order. Download at least 2 resources from the Internet that will enhance your work. 15. Obtain 4 pamphlets or articles designed to help parents understand how young children develop and learn. Articles must help parents understand development and learning of 3- to 5-year olds. At least 1 article must relate to guidance. 16. Locate an observation tool to use in recording information about children’s behavior. One copy should be blank; the other one should be filled out as a sample of your observation of an individual child. 17. Obtain contact information for at least 2 agencies in the community that provide resources and services for children with disabilities.

China's growth contradicts the links between democracy and growth Essay

China's growth contradicts the links between democracy and growth. Discuss - Essay Example Alongside democracy, capital and labor are some of the critical factors considered to have a significant effect on economic growth in the long run. There have been misconceptions that China’s economic growth is linked to the fact that China is a one-party state that upholds the authoritarian form of government. These mistaken views have influenced other countries to believe that authoritarian rule contributes hugely to economic growth, although China’s growth is tied to liberalization of political and economic reforms, which have led to reduced authoritarianism. China’s growth contradicts the links between democracy and growth China’s growth contradiction with democracy has brought about complication in the fact that the world’s richest countries attribute their success and growth to existence of democracy in their systems. The belief that economic development are linked to democracy is getting weaker as authoritarian regimes like China are proving that they have the capability of achieving economic growth without putting any efforts on political democracies. However, it remains a fact that high per capita income in democratic states has a significant effect in achieving stable and increasing economic growth. Over the last twenty-five years, China's has maintained tremendous economic growth with rigid political aspects that have remained closely tied to authoritarian form of governance. This stagnation in political reforms has negated the concept of economic growth, resulting in educated citizens who later pressure the most authoritarian governments to allow for democracies in which they themselves can exercise control over political situations for the benefit of the entire country. Claims that democracy does not contribute to economic development arise with respect to government’s function of representing the common needs of all the citizens. Different requirements, views, and opinions of different citizens necessitate the government to function independently and represent the collective views of all citizens other than needs of a few individuals. Democracy existence is said to be a hindrance to the independence a government in fostering economic growth and effective citizen representation. The government is given the responsibility of collecting taxes and putting the revenue into productive use with respect to aggregate preferences of citizens. Therefore, democracies may become obstacles for government’s rational functionality; however, multiparty systems in voting in governments may represent rational preferences that meet a variety of conditions to a limited proportion. Moreover, democracy may reflect a system of governance that meets requirements of citizens but does not foster aggregate preferences such as economic prosperity. However, autonomy of the government in countries like China only infringes on political freedom and not economic freedom. Lack of political freedom is depicted by the single party governance where the government places independent emphasis on liberalization of foreign and private investment. Usually, authoritarian governments that have liberalized their economies are statistically proved to economically

U.S. Government's Bailouts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U.S. Government's Bailouts - Research Paper Example The debt ratio of the company was 2.11. The firm was highly leveraged which led to the high fixed costs associated with debt financing. The debt of the company was more than twice its total assets. Providing governmental assistance to corporations such as General Motors is a way for the government to spur economic activity. Governmental assistance can ensure that companies that are facing financial trouble keep their doors open . Prior to the governmental assistance General Motors was near shutting down their operations. In the short run companies get a capital injection that can be used to cover operating expenses which includes both variable and fixed costs. The fixed costs of the company increase in the long run if the assistance that is given is in the form of debt financing. From the perspective of the government the assistance given protects jobs and government tax revenues. In the case of General Motors the long run consequence of the bailout was that the firm had to give up a lot of equity to the government in exchange for the governmental assistance. General Motors has recovered well since its reorganization in 2008. The current price of GM common stocks is $34.48 (Yahoo, 2014). The organization has a global workforce composed of 1.9 million employees. The firm is a socially responsible organization. Its product portfolio of vehicles includes hybrid / electric cars. The company on November 18, 2010 completed the world’s largest initial public offering, emerging with a solid financial foundation that enabled GM to produce great vehicles for their customers and build a bright future for its employees, partners and shareholders (Gm, 2014). In fiscal year 2013 General Motors generated $155 billion in revenues and it had a net income of $3.8 billion. The net margin of GM in 2013 was 2.45%. When a company employs directly 1.9 million people it is always worth saving such an organization.

Tradeblocks Case Essay Example for Free

Tradeblocks Case Essay Small business owners today are facing more hardship than ever before.   Internet commerce and regional trade blocs are the two main culprits.   Regional trade blocs combine company interests and are many time created by a nation, along with their neighboring nations, in order to compete more effectively in the global market.   Another reason for the formation of these blocs can also be so be to enable the involved nations in their efforts to impose more substantial sanctions against nations with whom they are at war or with which thy have political issues. There are many reasons for this trend and unless this trend is reversed, small businesses will continue to suffer and run the risk of no longer being viable. Robert Scott states in his speech, The U.S. Trade Deficit, Are We Trading Away Our Future?, that while U.S. workers have been hurt by globalization, multinational companies based in North America have prospered. Reversing this trend will require government help and support. He also states that these â€Å"informal coalitions† have successful undermined a great many trade initiatives during the last few years. The big question is, what steps can be taken to reverse this kind of trend and help small businesses to regain a more equitable footing the new global market?   Linda Schmid writes in her article, Identifying Business Interests in WTO Services Talks, that companies rising up in developing countries â€Å"can shape their trade future† by â€Å"knowing the market, spotting the barriers and voicing interests in the right channels.† Even though the landscape of small business positioning in the global market is bleak, the future can bring about profound change. Governments can easily assist their resident small business by joining with peer nations to help them to form coalitions of their own in order to have a louder voice with relevant venues such as the World Trade Organization. By doing this, small businesses can more effectively stand up to the new bullies on the block. BIBLIOGRAPHY Scmid, Linda   Identifying Business Interests in WTO Services Talks, International Trade Forum, issue 2/2005 Scott, Robert  Ã‚   The U.S. Trade Deficit, Are We Trading Away Our Future?   THIS TESTIMONY WAS GIVEN BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY AND TRADE ON JULY 22,1999.

Home / Identity Essay -- science

Home / Identity The word ‘home’ is something that is often misunderstood. Home makes up your identity and not many people know that. Therefore you ask me, ‘what is home?’ Home is not just in your house. Home is a place that surrounds you. It’s you environment and cause for emotions. Your home is where you are with the people that surround you (peers, family, and strangers), as well as cars, houses, stores, and/or toys. All of these things (people, buildings, playful objects, and nature) are the components that make up a home. Some people don’t have all of those things in their home though. A homeless man has no house to live in whereas a rich man has a beautiful house to his or her accommodations as well as anything that will make him or her happy. This also explains the question, ‘where is home?’ Home has no exact place to be. Your home can be on the opposite side of someone else's home. You can even share the same home with family members that live with you, even though they see it different than you. That is because you don’t share the same emotions. Emotions are expressed differently through each person because of their life experiences. A young child could be laughed at at school, while their brother or sister(s) isn’t laughed at. The result for that is that they could live in the same home, but be different people in their personalities. The word ‘personalities’ is often mixed up with the word ‘identity.’ The way a person is treated affects their personalit...

Factors Influencing Career Choice Among the Senior High School

A Thesis in the Department of Psychology and Education, Faculty of EDUCATIONAL STUDIES Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, University of Education, Winneba, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for award of the Master of Philosophy (M. Phil Guidance & Counselling) degree JULY, 2011 DECLARATION STUDENT’S DECLARATION I, DANIEL KWASI GAMELI AVUGLA declare that this Thesis, with the exception of quotations and references contained in published works which have all being identified and duly acknowledged, is entirely my own original work, and it has not been submitted, either in part or whole for another degree elsewhereSIGNATURE: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..DATE: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATIONI hereby declare that the preparation and presentation of this work was supervised by me in accordance with the guidelines for the supervision of Thesis laid down by the University of Education, Winneba.NAME OF SUPERVISOR: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..SIGNATURE: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..DATE: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.DEDICATIONI dedicate this work to my dearest wife Rose and children: Albert, Elikplim and Herbert. ABSTRACT The researcher set out to investigate factors that influence career choice among the senior high school students in the South Tongu District of Volta Region, Ghana, and the extent to which those factors influence students’ choice.Survey design was used. The main instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. Simple random sample techniques was used to select 200 students, and convenient sampling techniques used to select three administrators and three guidance and counselling coordinators for the study from the three public second cycle institutions in the District. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in analysing data. The construct validity was established using factor analysis and reliability using Cronbach’s alpha.The results of the main hypothesis and the research questions postulated for the study revealed that Intrinsic factors reliably predicted career choice suggesting that Extrinsic factors and Interpersonal factors are not significant predictors when the effects of Extrinsic factors and Interpersonal factors are controlled for. This helps students learn about and explore careers that ultimately lead to career choice. This played a critical role in shaping students career choice.It was recommended that Career Education and Guidance should be introduced in the primary school to enable children to explore the world of work as young people need to make a smooth transition from primary school to the initial years of senior high school and the Ministry of Education should allocate fund for a Guidance and Counselling activities in all basic and second cycle schools. This will enable the guidance coordinators to function effectively at their various levels of work.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI am most grateful to the Almighty God for His loving care and mercy which has made it possible for me to complete this work. I also wish to acknowledge with gratitude, the encouragement, corrections and guidance given to me by Mrs. Mary A. Ackummey and Professor M. F. Alonge, my supervisor and co-supervisor respectively for this work to be completed. I am also grateful to Professor J. K. Aboagye, the Head of Department and Dr. Richard Ofori, the Director for research at the National Centre for Research into Basic Education (NCRIBE) for their immerse assistance.He also became my final supervisor to make this work complete. I wish to express my appreciation to Messrs K. T. Agor and C. F. K. Nyadudzi, the Headmasters of Sogakope Senior High School and Dabala Senior High Technical. And also Rev. Father Gbordzoe, the Principal of Comboni Technical Vocational Institute for their assistance in allowing me to administer my questionnaires in their schools. I am grateful to Mr. C. Y. Ablana who allowed me to use his office during the period.Finally I wish to express my gratitude to all those who help in diverse ways throughout the entire work for their criticism, encouragement and corrections. Special thanks go to Dr. Asare Amoah of Department of Psych ology and Education who takes his time to see to it that the necessary corrections were carried out.TABLE OF CONTENT CONTENT PAGEDeclaration i Dedication ii Abstract iii Acknowledgement iv Table of Content v List of Tables x List of Figures xiCHAPTER ONE1. 1 Background to the Study 1 1. 2 Statement of the Problem 4 1. 3 Purpose of the Study 5 1. 4 Hypotheses 6 1. 5 Research Questions 6 1. 6 The Significance of the Study 6 1. 7Delimitation 7 1. 8 Definition of Terms 7 1. Organisation of the Study 8CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE2. 1 Introduction 9 2. 2 Factors Influencing Vocational Choice 9 2. 3 Career Decision Making 17 2. 3. 1 Trait-and-Factor Theory/ Actuarial Theory of Career Development 20 2. 3. 2 Holland’s Personality Type Theory 23 2. . 3 Anne Roe’s Personality/Need Theory 28 2. 3. 4 The Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herman Theory 31 2. 3. 5 Super’s Self-concept Theory 32 2. 3. 6 Four-Humors Theory 35 2. 3. 7 Social Cognitive Theory 39 2. 4 Typ es of Career 41 2. Barriers to career choice 43 2. 6 The Role of Guidance and Counselling Coordinator in Career Choice and Development 45 2. 7 The Implications of the Study 48 2. 8 Theoretical Framework of the Study 49 2. 8 Summary 57CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY3. 1Introduction59 3. Research Design 59 3. 3 Population 59 3. 4 Sample and Sampling Procedure 61 3. 5 Study Area 62 3. 6 Instrumentation 62 3. 6. 1 Assessment of Validity and Reliability of factors influencing students’ choice of career questionnaire 63 3. Method of Data Collection 66 3. 8Data Analysis 66CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS67 4. 1Analysis of Students’ Bio Data 67 4. 1. 1 Sex Distribution of Students 67 4. 1. Age Distribution of Students 68 4. 1. 3Programme Pursue by Students 69 4. 1. 4 Intended Careers of Students 70 4. 2 Testing of Main Hypothesis 71 4. 3 Testing of Auxiliary Hypotheses 73 4. 3. 1 Sex Differences in Extrinsic, Intrinsic and Interpersonal Factors 73 4. 3. Age Differences on Extrinsic, Intrinsic a nd Interpersonal Factors 74 4. 4Analysis of Qualitative Data 76 4. 4. 1 Analysis of Bio Data collected from Guidance and Counselling Coordinators and Administrators 76 4. 4. 2 Sex Distribution of Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators 77 4. 4. 3 Age Distribution of Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators 77 4. 4. Position of Respondents 78 4. 4. 5 Number of years served by the Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators in their various institutions 78 4. 5 Qualitative Analysis of Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators Data 79CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS88 5. 1 Discussion 88 5. . 1 The Extent to which Intrinsic Factors Influence Students’ Choice of Career 88 5. 1. 2 The Extent to which Extrinsic Factors Influence Students’ Choice of Career 90 5. 1. 3 The Extent to which Interpersonal Factors Influence Students’ Choice of Career91 5. 1. 4 Problems S tudents face in making their Career Choice 92 5. 2 Summary of the Findings 93 5. 3 Conclusion 95 5. 4Recommendations 95 5. Suggestions for Further Studies 97 References 98 Appendix â€Å"A†- Factors influencing students’ choice of career questionnaire 105 Appendix â€Å"B†- Validated version of factors influencing students’ choice of career questionnaire 109 Appendix â€Å"C†- Open ended questionnaire for Guidance and Counselling Coordinators and Administrators 113 Appendix â€Å"D†- Population of final year students in the three public second cycle institutions for 2010/2011 Academic Year. 117 Appendix â€Å"E†- Letter of Introduction 119LIST OF TABLESTable Page 2. Super’s Vocational Developmental Tasks 34 2. 2 Jobs suitable and jobs to be avoided by each personality type 39 3. 1 Population of Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators 60 3. 2Distribution of respondents by institutions 61 3. 3Item listings and fa ctor loadings for the four-factor principal component solution 65 4. 1 Distribution of students by intended choice 71 4. Logistic regression model of career choice (white-collar job & blue-collar job) as a function of Extrinsic, Intrinsic and Interpersonal factors. 73 4. 3 Summary statistics and Independent-samples T-test on their influence on the two sex groups 74 4. 4ANOVAshowing the effect of age on Extrinsic factors 75 4. 5ANOVA showing the effect of age on Intrinsic factors 75 4. 6 ANOVA showing the effect of age on Interpersonal factors 76LIST OF FIGURESFigure Page 2. 1 Holland hexagonal model 27 2. 2 A diagram Reciprocal Causation 40 2. 3 Theoretical model of Career choice 57 4. 1 Sex Distribution of students. 68 4. 2 Age Distribution of students 69 4. 3 Distribution of the Respondents by Programme 70 4. 4 Age Distribution of Administrators and Guidance nd Counselling Coordinators 77 4. 5 Position of the Respondents 78 4. 6 Number of years served by the Administrators and Gui dance and Counselling Coordinator in their various institutions 78CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION1. 1 Background to the Study The importance of career choice among senior high students cannot be over emphasized. Students at this level are mainly adolescents who are moving from this stage of development into adulthood. Pearson Education limited (2007) defines an adolescent as a young person, usually between the ages of twelve and eighteen, who is developing into an adult.Encarta (2009) defines adolescent as, ‘somebody in the period preceding adulthood: somebody who has reached puberty but not yet adult’. At this stage the individual is said to be going through the period of adolescence. A comprehensive study conducted in America by Remmers and Raddler (1957) cited in Horrocks (1962) indicated that one-third of teenagers after finishing high school within six months expected to be at work, though know less about how to choose a job, train for it and establish in it. â€Å"A job is a kind of work and a career is time spent in one type of job area of interest† (Kelly-Plate and Volz-Patton, 1991, p. 13). Most students have very little help in developing a career direction while still in senior high school.They are often influenced by the media, peers, and with very little knowledge of what they might primarily be interested in or motivated to do. Most of them may have a level of uncertainty of where to get help on how to choose a career. Since career is a lifelong plan, students at this level should be assisted to enable them have a clear cut plan as it will be difficult for them at their age to see things clearly about themselves. Thinking or making a decision about one’s career and making a choice is vital. Fry, Stoner and Hattwick (1998) opine that it is never too early to begin thinking about careers when in high school. Some students may have clear career direction in mind while many of them will have little clue as to which career is best for them.Fry et al, further said â€Å"even if you are a freshman or sophomore, now is the time to begin thinking about your life beyond college† p. 561. Various people choose jobs for various reasons. A lot of people look for jobs that will pay well since everyone needs money for the basics such as food, clothes, accommodation, education, recreation and others. For many men and women, work helps define their identity and their sense of self-worth (Thio, 1989). They see themselves as people, who are responsible, who get things done and capable enough to be paid for the services they render. People take pride in the work they do. They also like the feeling that comes with doing their work well.People enjoy using their skills, talents and working hard to improve those skills. People work to be useful, by working; people feel that they are contributing their quota to the development of the society. They may work to take care of themselves and their family or work to help other p eople in the society. Most people choose jobs that will enable them interact with others. For example, journalism, teaching, and selling enable one to interact with a whole lot of people. They do not like to be alone for a long period. Their job gives them the opportunity to be with others and talk to people. It is clear that work fulfils many important needs and even those who become rich overnight still work.Since no one particular job satisfies all needs, the right job can be satisfying in a very special way, and that is why it is important to think carefully about one’s own wants, needs, interests and abilities before making a choice. One needs not to joke about his choice of career. Working should not be just occupying oneself. O’Toole (1973), cited in (Thio, 1989, p. 444) opines that People with satisfying jobs have better mental health than those with less satisfying work. Thus, people who are happy with their jobs also tend to have better physical health and to live longer. Although diet, exercise, medical care and genetics are all related to the incidence of heart disease, job dissatisfaction is more closely linked to the cause of death. Each individual is faced with choosing among the large areas of occupational cluster of work.Such as agriculture, business and office, communication and media, health, hospitality and recreation, manufacturing, marine science, construction, arts, humanity and sciences, home economics, marketing and distribution, natural resources and environment, personal services, public service, and transportation. Rao (1992) cited in Kankam & Onivehu (2000) identified two factors that call for guidance and counselling services or activities in secondary schools one of which is the making of academic choice that in the end determines the vocational future. The origin of vocational guidance can be traced to the United States of America. Educational guidance originated from the development of vocational guidance services .In 1908 the Vocational Bureau of Boston was formed under the auspices of an American lawyer and educator; Frank Parsons to assist young men make vocational choices based on their occupational aptitudes and interest (Fruehling, 2008). Guidance began to spread as a result of Parsons’ ideas. Brewer (1942) cited in Archer (1997) put across four conditions that work together to bring about the beginning and development of vocational guidance. These are: division of labour, the growth of technology, the extension of vocational education, and the spread of modern forms of democracy. The four elements listed above were however, intensified by the First World War which led to the shortage of skilled manpower.Though in Ghana vocational/technical can be traced back to the 19th century when both the Basel and Wesleyan missionaries made a shift from the initial three R’s – reading, writing and arithmetic to agricultural and technical curriculum (Hama, 2003), guidance in Gha na started in 1955 when the Ministry of Labour, Education and Social Welfare came together and established Youth Employment Department. Its aim was to cater for the needs of the unemployed middle school leavers below the age of twenty years. By 1960, there were about thirty of such centres in the country (Ackummey, 2003). 1. 2 Statement of the Problem Searching for a job, career planning and deciding on what to choose play an important role in students career choices.Many students often are faced with uncertainty and stress as they make career choices. Many of them do not make adequate research on their own career nor do they receive adequate directions from their school guidance coordinators. Most of them are not aware of what goes into career choice. Many youth go into unsuitable careers due to ignorance, inexperience, peer pressure, advice from friends, parents and teachers or as a result of the prestige attached to certain jobs without adequate vocational guidance and career cou nselling. Lawer (2007) researched on assessing the effectiveness of career guidance in senior secondary schools in Kumasi Metropolitan District.He concluded that majority of students were not aware of major occupation groups in Ghana, knowledge of training and qualification necessary for employment in the various occupations, conditions of work, earning and other rewards of occupation, and did not have better understanding of their career interest, aptitudes and abilities. This clearly shows that majority of them were not concerned about their future career. This situation compels one to ask whether they are given the needed guidance on available careers relating to the programmes they are pursuing. Are they aware of what goes into career choice? And what specific factors influence their choice and how do those factors influence them? This study therefore seeks to find out the extent to which intrinsic, extrinsic, and interpersonal factors influence the choice of career of senior hi gh students. 1. 3 Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of this study is to identify those factors that influence students’ decision concerning choice of career in the South Tongu District and the extent to which these factors influence their choices. In addition, the study seeks to examine the differences between intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors, and interpersonal factors in making career choice. It will also attempt to find out problems encountered by students in making their career choices. 4. Hypotheses The study sought to test a logistic regression model in which Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Interpersonal factors are assumed to influence students’ career (blue/white collar jobs) in the senior high schools.The following supplementary hypotheses were also tested: 1. There will be significant sex differences in Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Interpersonal factors. 2. There will be significant age differences in Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Interpersonal factors. 1. 5 Research Ques tions The following research questions were also used to guide the researcher to carry out the study. 1. To what extent do Intrinsic factors influence students’ choice of career? 2. To what extent do Extrinsic factors influence students’ choice of career? 3. To what extent do Interpersonal factors influence students’ choice of career? 4. What problems do students face in making their career choices? 1. The Significance of the Study Many factors affect career choices of senior high school students. Identifying these factors would give parents, educators, and industry an idea as to where students place most of their trust in the career selection process. It will not only focus on factors influencing career choice among students in the South Tongu District, but also highlight career decision making tools that have implications for career counselling. In addition, it will equally provide an update study into how intrinsic, extrinsic and interpersonal factors influen ce career choice for others who wish to further research into this area of study. 1. 7 DelimitationThe study focuses on what goes on in the South Tongu District instead of looking at the country as a whole, hence its application to the country or larger population may not be reliable. 1. 8 Definition of Terms For the purpose of this study the following operational definitions will be used: Intrinsic factors: include interest in the job and personality that satisfies work. In the broader sense they are basic and essential features which form part of someone rather than because of his or her association. Extrinsic factors: include availability of jobs and how well an occupation pays or brings benefit. They also include those essential features as a result of the individual’s associations or consequences.Interpersonal factors: include the influence of parents and significant others. It is concerned or involved relationships between people. Career: is a pattern of work related to preparations and experiences which is carried through a person’s life. Job: is a piece of work carried out for a pay. Work: physical and mental effort directed towards doing something. It is a job in the broader sense. Student: refers to a learner in a senior high school. | | 1. 9 Organisation of the Study The whole study was organized in five main chapters.The first chapter deals with the background to the study, the statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, hypotheses, and the significance of the study, delimitations, and definition of terms. The second chapter reviewed related literatures that are relevant to the study. It considers the previous studies on the topic. It includes other areas like factors influencing career choice, career decision-making, types of career- blue/white collar jobs, barriers to career choice, the role of guidance co-ordinators in career choice, counselling implication of the study, theoretical framework of the study, and the summary o f the literature review.Chapter three focuses on the methodology, the research design, population, sample and sampling procedure, instrumentation- validity, reliability and method of collecting data and its analysis. Chapter four deals with data presentation and analysis, and finally, the fifth chapter covers discussion, summary of the major findings, conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for future study. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2. 1 Introduction This chapter deals with the review of related literature. It was organized under the following sub-headings: factors influencing vocational choice, career decision-making, Types of career- blue/white collar jobs, barriers to career choice, the role of guidance coordinators in vocational guidance, counselling implications of the study, and the theoretical framework of the study.It ends with the summary of the literature review done. 2. 2 Factors Influencing Vocational Choice Adolescent occupational choice is influenc ed by many factors, including intrinsic, extrinsic and interpersonal factors. Kankam & Onivehu (2000) indicate intellectual ability, aptitudes, the school, family, personality, self-esteem, values, interest, and environmental influences as factors that influence people’s choice of career. In the same year, Bedu-Addo (2000) states the following as factors influencing career choice: intellectual ability, aptitudes, the school, family, personality, self concept and self esteem, values, interest, and environmental influences.Similarly, Taylor and Buku (2006) also state abilities, needs and interests, stereotype/prestige, values, the school/educational attainment, family/parental, placement, and aspiration. Mankoe (2007) lists the following as factors that influence people’s choice of career: people’s interests, abilities and personalities, people’s occupational preferences, life and work satisfaction, and employment variables. Jones and Larke (2001) researche d on factors influencing career choice of African American and Hispanic graduates of a Land-grant College of Agriculture. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the factors that were related to African American and Hispanic graduates' decisions to choose (or not to choose) a career in agriculture or a related field prior to or after college.The population for this study was all African American and Hispanic graduates who received a first degree in an agriculture-related field at Texas A & M University between May 1990 and December 1997. Five hundred and fifty-one questionnaires were mailed to respondents. The research design applied was Ex post facto and both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The findings revealed that, various commonalities and differences existed among the two groups. When respondents enrolled in their first agriculture-related course did not have a major effect on their probability that they will select an agriculture-related caree r. However, the role of significant others and specific job-related factors is validated in this study.But having people who were not white to encourage respondents to consider an agriculture related career, increased respondents likelihood of pursuing an agriculture-related career. Respondents were more likely to pursue an agriculture-related career if their father’s occupation was agriculture-related. Parents’ level of education did not play a critical role in the respondents’ choosing an agriculture-related career. Salary was not considered to have an impact on respondents’ choice of their current career nor on their choice of agriculture as a career. But having limited job opportunities in agriculture led respondents’ to choose other careers. Likewise, retirement plan and job opportunities impacted respondents’ selection of a career.Issa and Nwalo (2005) conducted a research on factors affecting the career choice of undergraduates in Nig erian Library and Information Science Schools. Data were analysed for frequency and percentage using the cross-tabs sub-programme of the SPSS. The study revealed that majority did not make the course as their first choice but ended up in the Library School as a last resort. However, those who did were influenced mostly by previous library work experience. Available sources of information on the course include parents/relations and peers. There are slightly more male librarianship students than females, indicating its popularity among both sexes. That 46. 9% of them were in the 22-26 age bracket showed that the younger undergraduates constitute the majority.The study concludes that despite the evidence of improved popularity of the programme among the respondents, it remains largely unpopular among prospective undergraduates in Nigeria when compared with such other courses as Accountancy, Medicine and Law. It thus recommends that public awareness about the profession and the programm e be intensified by all stakeholders if it must attract some of the best brains in the country who can meet the challenges of the 21st century librarianship in Nigeria. This work was similar to that of Jones and Larke (2001) in purpose, sample and method except that while Jones and Larke focused on African American and Hispanic graduates of college of agriculture, that of Issa and Nwalo concentrated on undergraduates in Nigerian Library and Information Science Schools. The research design applied and instrument used would be relevant to the present study.Myburgh (2005) researched on an empirical analysis of career choice factors that influence first-year Accounting students at the University of Pretoria: a cross-racial study. This cross-cultural study examined the career choices of Asian, black and white students at the University of Pretoria to identify the factors motivating Accountancy students to become chartered accountants (CA) as only two and halve percent (609) of 24, 308 re gistered chartered accountants in South Africa in 2005 were black, and only six percent (1,573) were Indian. Understanding the attitudes and the perceptions of CA first-year students can help course administrators/curriculum designers to align marketing and recruiting strategies with specific personal ccupational preferences of different racial groups enrolled for local CA courses. Survey design was used. Questionnaires are used in collecting data with a sample population of 550 and descriptive statistics used in analysis data collected. The finding revealed that performance in Accounting at school and the advice of parent, relatives and school teachers greatly influenced the students’ decision to become chartered accountants. All the three racial groups ranked availability of employment as the most important benefit of CA career and the employment security as the second most important. The cost of education and the difficulty of qualifying as a chartered accountant were iden tified as a problem.The purpose, sample and method used in data collection were similar to that of the above authors except that he focused on first year Accounting Students of the University of Pretoria. His finding on cost of education as a problem was similar to that of Amedzor (2003) and Borchert (2002). The methodology used here would be relevant to the current work. Trauth, Quesenberry & Huang (2008) researched into A Multicultural Analysis of Factors Influencing Career Choice for Women in the Information Technology (IT) Workforce. This article presents an analysis of cultural/actors influencing the career choices of women in the IT workforce. They employed the individual differences theory of gender and IT as a theoretical lens to analyze a qualitative data set of interviews with 200 women in different countries.The themes that emerged from this analysis speak to the influence of cultural attitudes about maternity, childcare, parental care and working outside the home on a wo man’s choice of an IT career. In addition, several additional socio-cultural factors served to add further variation to gendered cultural influences: gendered career norms, social class; economic opportunity, and gender stereotypes about aptitude. These results lend further empirical support to the emergent individual differences theory of gender and IT that endeavours to theorize within-gender variation with respect to issues related to gender and IT. They also point to areas where educational and workplace interventions can be enacted.This work was similar to others as far as purpose is concerned; however, it focused just on women in the Information Technology Workforce. Borchert (2002) researched on career choice factors of high School Students. It aimed at finding out how influential were factors of personality, environment and opportunities in making career choice. The purpose of the study was to identify the most important factor within these three factors that 2002 Ger mantown High School senior students used in deciding upon career choices. A survey was the selected instrument device with a sample population of 325 and both descriptive statistics were used in analysing data collected. The finding revealed that, personality factors were identified as most important in choosing career.Environmental factors were not significant in making their choice, though they did not show outright disregard for them. There are opportunities for educational facilities and industries where students find themselves intellectually qualified for certain areas but lacked money needed to complete their training. His finding on lack of money to complete their training was similar to that of Amedzor (2003) and Myburgh (2005). The research design used, data collection procedure, and areas of assessing students’ choice were related to the present work. Ferry (2006) researched into Factors Influencing Career Choices of Adolescents and Young Adults in Rural Pennsylvan ia.The qualitative study reported here explored factors that play key roles in rural high school seniors and young adults career choice process. Interview was used in collecting data from 12 focus groups from 11-county rural areas in the central Pennsylvania using purposeful sampling. The cultural and social context of family and community were found to be instrumental in how youth learn about careers and influential in the choice process. The economic and social circumstances of the broader community coloured and influenced the youth perceptions of appropriate career choice. Extension strategies that target parents and community to increase their involvement in youth career selection can promote sound career decisions. This work was similar to that of Borchert (2002).However, it used interview and concentrated on a focus group. The areas of assessing students’ choice were related to the present work. Adjin (2004) researched into career choice in senior secondary schools: a c ase study of Sogakope Secondary and Dabala Secondary Technical Schools in the Volta Region of Ghana and used descriptive research design. He focused on factors that influence career choice, how proficient are the counsellors in handling students’ vocational problems in making career choice and ways of improving career/vocational education. He made use of stratified sampling with a sample population of 200 respondents and descriptive statistics was used in analysis of data.The result of the study showed that interest was the most motivating factor that influenced career choice among students in Sogakope Senior Secondary and Dabala Secondary Technical Schools considering: ability, interest, monetary reward, and prestige. Also majority of the students of Sogakope and Dabala second cycle schools received help from their parents/guardians in choosing career and some gave no reason for making their choices. Responses collected also indicated that there were guidance coordinators in the schools who organised talks on career choice, decision making and good study habits. However, other areas like problem solving, field trips/visit, group guidance/counselling, individual counselling were not all effective. His work was similar to that of Borchert (2002), Amedzor (2003), Annan (2006) and Edwards and Quinter (2011) in purpose, method and target group.By contrast previous research by Amedzor (2003) and subsequent researches by Annan (2006) and Edwards & Quinter (2011) showed prestige, personality, and advancement opportunities and learning experiences respectively as the most important factors that influence choice. The research design, instrument used and the areas covered in this work were similar to the present study. Amedzor (2003) researched on career guidance needs of junior secondary two pupils in Ho Township basic schools and used descriptive survey design. It focused on career guidance needs of adolescents in the basic schools, factors that militate agains t effective guidance services and factors that facilitate the delivery of guidance services in schools. She used simple random sampling and sample population of 200 respondents and descriptive statistics used in analysis of data.Her research showed that, prestige was the most important factor that influences career choice of students in Ho Township considering prestige, personal interest, and parental influence. And they also need financial support for training towards their chosen careers. Most of them shared the view that they need an expert to counsel them on how to choose, train, enter and be established in a career. Majority of the coordinators were not train, and guidance activities were below average and students were not willing to approach the coordinators. Her areas of assessment are covered in the current study. Though, the researcher looked at factors that influence choice like others, it mainly focused on identifying career guidance needs of junior secondary two pupils. The sampling procedure, research design and instrument used were similar to the present study. Annan (2006) examined factors affecting career choice among senior secondary school students in Shama Ahanta East Metropolis and used descriptive survey design. He used simple random sampling and sample population of 200 respondents and also used descriptive statistics in analysis of data. This study revealed that personality was most influential factor that influenced career choice among senior secondary students in Ahanta East Metropolis and significant others as the least factor taking into consideration (ability, personality, material benefit, home background, gender factors, and significant others).Adolescents have difficulties in how to choose a career and there was adolescent male gender biased in career choice as compared to female counterparts. It was similar to that of Borchert (2002), Amedzor (2003), Adjin (2004), Annan (2006) and Edwards and Quinter (2011) in purpose, method, a nd target group. The methodology used and the purpose of the study relate to the current work. Edwards and Quinter (2011) researched on Factors Influencing Students Career Choices among Secondary School students in Kisumu Municipality, Kenya. The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing career choice among form four secondary school students in Kisumu municipality, Kenya. The study was conducted using descriptive survey design with a population of 332 students.The data for this study was collected using questionnaire and interview schedules. The findings of this study indicate that availability of advancement opportunities and learning experiences are the most influential factors affecting career choices among students. While males reported learning experiences and career flexibility as the most influential factors, females however reported availability of advancement opportunity and opportunity to apply skills as the most influential factors. However, no variance wa s reported for persons influencing career choice by gender. The methodology used and the purpose of the study relate to the current work.Despite the fact that much has been written about the individual variables influencing career choice, the literature review however, revealed that very little empirical studies on this subject matter exist especially regarding the factors influencing career choice among senior high students in the South Tongu District of the Volta Region, Ghana and the differences that exist among these factors. This study will, therefore, serve to fill up the missing gap in this aspect of the literature. 2. 3 Career Decision Making Decision making can defined as â€Å"an act of choice by which an executive selects one particular course of action from among possible alternatives for the attainment of a desired end or as a solution to a specific problem† (Attieku, Dorkey, Marfo-Yiadom & Tekyi, 2006). It involves conscious or unconscious attempt at making a ch oice out of competing alternatives. It implies selecting from alternative policies, procedures, and programmes.Career decision making is vital as the country is faced with the problem of unemployment which is the result of poverty and other social vices in the country. The previous Government introduced the Youth Employment Programme to address the situation. It aimed at facilitating job creation and placement of youth in the various economic ventures as well as social services in all districts throughout the country. The programme consists of ten modules out of the JHS/SHS graduates qualify to undertake: 1. Youth in Agri-Business 2. Community Protection System 3. Waste and Sanitation Management Corps 4. Auxiliary Health Care Workers’ Assistants (Micah, 2007). However was this able to eradicate the problem of unemployment? For the hild to make a better decision about choice of career he must be helped in the areas below: – Self awareness – Educational awareness – Career awareness – Career exploration, and – Career planning and decision making (Gibson & Mitchell, 1995). Self awareness: Each child must be aware of and respect his/her uniqueness at an early age as human beings. Knowledge about ones aptitude, interests, values, personality traits, abilities and others is very essential in the development of concepts related to self and the use of these concepts in career exploration (value clarification, group guidance films and video tapes written assignments and standardized test).Puplampu (1998) posit that for one to make good choices, he needs career guidance or career counselling, needs to be aware of him/her self, and to have knowledge of occupations and options available. Educational awareness: It is very essential in career planning for one to be aware of the relationship between self, educational opportunities and the world of work (group guidance, games related to hobbies and recreation, guided activities). Caree r awareness: Students at all levels of education should be assisted to have a continuous expansion of knowledge and awareness about the world of work. At each level students’ should be assisted to develop recognition of the relationships between values, life styles and careers (through films, career days, interest inventory).They are to be aware of relationships between desirable school habit– responsibility, punctuality, efforts, positive human relationships and good worker traits. Career exploration: This represents a well designed, planned inquiry and analysis of career that are of interest. Comparisons, reality testing, and standardised testing, and computerised programmes may be useful. Career planning and decision making: Students at this level are to be helped to take control of their life and become an active agent for shaping their own future. They need to narrow down their career possibility and then move on to examine and test these options as critically as possible.Students need to be aware of the process of decision making and choosing between competitive alternatives, examining the consequences of specific choices, the value of compromise, and implementing a decision. Students are to recognise the impact of their current plan and decision making on their future. Knowledge about the above helps students to make informed decision and enable then to cope with career development tasks posed by the society during their school period. Students at this level are influenced by what they see around them- family, friends, neighbours, televisions or in movies. That is why experts suggest that students need to be aware of themselves, and the world around them in order to fully understand and make use of information about their individual interests and what exist beyond their immediate world.It is helping them to explore their likes and dislikes, expand their understanding of the world at large, and enhance their knowledge of how business works. The whole aim is to provide students with the broadest opportunity to learn and grow. In addition to the above, the following theories will also help the individual to be equipped with personality factors, environmental factors and other factors that influences choice of career. 1. Trait-and-factor Theory 2. John Holland Career Choice Typology 3. Anne Roe Personality/Need Theory 4. The Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herman Theory 5. Donald Super’s Developmental/self-concept Theory 6. Four- Humors Theory 7. Social-Cognitive Theory 2. 3. 1 Trait and Factor/Actuarial Theory of Career DevelopmentIt is also called matching or actuarial approach. It is referred to as the oldest theoretical approach to career development and Parsons as the originator (Kankam & Onivehu, 2000). It is based on the measurement of individual characteristics denoted as traits and factors. Traits refer to characteristics typical of the individual over time, relatively stable, consistent in situations and provide a basis for measuring, describing and predicting behaviour. Factor refers to a construct which represents a group of traits that correlate with each other. Williamson (1939, 1949) cited in Zunker (1990) was one of the prominent advocate of trait-and-factor counselling.Utilization of Williamson’s counselling procedures maintained the early impetus of trait-and-factor approach evolving from the works of Parsons. Even when integrated into other theories of career guidance, the trait-and factor approach plays a very important role. Some of the basic assumptions that underlie the trait-and-factor theory are: 1) Every person has a unique pattern of traits made up of interests, values, abilities and personality characteristics, these traits can be objectively identified and profiled to represent an individual’s potential 2) Every occupation is made up of factors required for the successful performance of that occupation.These factors can be objectively identified and represented as an occupational profile 3) It is possible to identify a fit or match between individual traits and job factors using a straight forward problem-solving/decision making process. 4) The closer the match between personal traits and job factors the greater the likelihood for successful job performance and satisfaction. Some assumptions of this theory by Miller, and Klein and Wiener are below: Miller a) Vocational development is a cognitive process b) Occupation is a single event; choice is greatly stressed over development c) There is a single ‘right’ occupation for everyone; there is no recognition that a worker might fit well into a number of occupations. ) Single person works in each job; one person- one job relationship e) Everyone has an occupational choice (http://faculty. tamu. commerce. educ/crrobinson/512/tandf. htm) Klein & Wiener a) Each individual has a unique set of traits that can be measured reliably and validly. b) Occupation require that wor kers possess certain traits for success c) Choice of occupation is straight forward process and matching is possible d) The closer the match between personal characteristics and job requirements, the greater the likelihood for success-productivity and satisfaction (http://faculty. tamu. commerce. educ/crrobinson/512/tandf. htm) It called for clear understanding of oneself.Knowledge of job requirements, conditions of success, and true reasoning in relation to these two groups of facts. This theory is used by many career practitioners in one form or another. Many of the aptitude, personality and interest tests and information materials that emerged from this approach have involved and remain in use up to now e. g. General Aptitude Test Battery, occupational profiles and ever expanding computer-based career guidance programmes. Trait-and- factor theory is criticised as not able to produce a perfect match between people and jobs (Walsh, 1990) and became increasingly unpopular in the 197 0s, describe as going into ‘incipient decline’ (Crites, 1981).In essence, the trait-and-factor approach is far too narrow in scope to be considered as a major theory of career development. However, we should recognize that standardized assessment and occupational analysis procedures stressed in trait-and-factor approaches are useful in career counselling (Zunker, 1990). In addition to the above, trait-and-factor theory focuses on personality factors without considering the influence of environmental factor like availability of jobs to match the individuals’ trait and interpersonal factors in career choice. And can not provide enough bases for the current studies. 2. 3. 2 John Holland’s Vocational PersonalityJohn Holland’s theory shows that there is a match between an individual’s career choice and his or her personality and numerous variables that form their background (Zunker, 1990). According to this theorist, once individuals find a career that fits their personality, they are more likely to enjoy that particular career and to stay in a job for a longer period of time than individuals whose work do not suit their personality. He groups individuals into six basic personality types. Holland’s theory rests on four assumptions: 1. In our culture, persons can be categorized as one of the following: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. 2.There are six modal environments: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising and conventional. 3. People search for environments that will let them exercise their skills and abilities, express their attitudes and values, and take on agreeable problems and roles. 4. Behaviour is determined by an interaction between personality and environment (Bedu-Addo, 2000). According to Holland, realistic personality types are practical, stable, self-controlled, independent and down to earth. They enjoy working with their hands, especially in p rojects which allow one to be physically active, they may be a doer. These individuals are physically strong and have very little social know-how.They are oriented towards practical careers such as labour, farmer, truck driver, mechanic, construction work, engineer or surveyor, landscape architect, aircraft mechanic, dental technician, electrician, athletic trainer, carpenter, licensed practical nurse, archaeologist, hairdresser, physical therapist, dressmaker, fire fighter, caterer, plumber, x-ray technician, etc. According to him, the investigative personality types are conceptually and theoretically oriented. Investigators are observant and curious about things around them. Typically they are inquisitive and intellectually self-confident as well as quite logical. They delight in situations that call for creative or analytical approach. They are thinkers rather than doers. They enjoy working on their own. They are best suited for careers that offer clearly defined procedures, rese arch and the chance to explore a wide range of ideas are the best choices for investigating people, e. g. ractical nursing, medical lab assistant, pharmacist, ecologist, math teacher, medical technologist, research analyst, surgeon, dietician, physician, police detective, veterinarian, meteorologist, horticulturist, dentist, computer analyst, science teacher, technical writer, science lab technician, computer system analyst, military analyst, college professor, lawyer, consumer researcher, astronomer, computer security specialist, horticulture, emergency medical technology, respiratory therapy, surgical technology, dental assistant, water and waste technology, computer languages, computer sciences, economics, biochemistry, geology. According to Holland, artistic personality types are original, innovative, imaginative, and creative. They prefer situations that are relatively nstructured and interact with their world through artistic expression, avoiding conventional and interpersonal situations in many instances. They do well as painters, writers, or musicians, artist, English teacher, drama coach, music teacher, graphic designer, advertising manager, fashion illustrator, interior decorator, photographer, journalist, reporter, cosmetologist, librarian, museum curator, cartographer, dance instructor, entertainer, performer, architect, etc. According to theorist, social personality types are understandable, friendly and people oriented. These individuals often have good verbal skills and interpersonal relations. They are helpers and enjoy jobs that let them interact with people.They are well equipped to enter professions such as teacher, social worker, counsellor, youth services worker, recreation director, physical therapist, occupational therapist, extension agent, therapist, teacher, personnel director, funeral director, minister, chamber of commerce executive, athletic coach, claims adjuster, parole officer, attorney, sales representative, fitness instructor, cosmetologist, paramedic, mental health specialist, social worker, nurse, dietician, information clerk, child care worker, travel agent, airline personnel, receptionist, waiter/waitress, office worker, home health aide, career counsellor, etc. According to him, enterprising personality types are gregarious, dominant and adventurous. They are generally extroverted and will often initiate projects involving many people and are good at convincing people to do things their way. They have strong interpersonal skills and enjoy work that brings them into contact with people.They are best counselled to enter career such as real estate appraiser, florist, lawyer, TV/radio announcer, branch manager, lobbyist, insurance manager, personnel recruiter, office manager, travel agent, advertising agent, advertising executive, politician, business manager. According to Holland, conventional personality type refers to those individuals who show a dislike for unstructured activities. They enjoy collec ting and organizing information in effective and practical way. They are often like being part of large companies though not necessarily in leadership positions. They enjoy steady routines and following clearly defined procedures.They are best suited for jobs as subordinates, banker, file clerks, accountant, Business teacher, bookkeeper, actuary, librarian, proof reader, administrative assistant, credit manager, estimator, cad operator, reservations agent, bank manager, cartographer cost analyst, court reporter, medical secretary, auditor statistician, financial analyst, safety inspector, tax consultant, insurance underwriter , computer operator, medical lab technologist, cashier, hotel clerk, etc. It has been employed as popular assessment tools such as the Self-Directed Search, Vocational Preference Inventory and Strong Interest Inventory. Dictionary of Holland occupational Code came as a result of Holland’s work. John Holland created a hexagonal model that shows the relati onship between the personality types and environments. [pic] Figure 2. 1: Holland Hexagonal Model It could be noticed that the personality types close to each other are more alike than those farther away.We can see this most clearly when we compare the personalities opposite each other, on the hexagon. For example, read the description of the types for Realistic and Social. You will see that they are virtually the opposite of each other. On the other hand, Social and Artistic are not that far apart. Holland topology is based on the following key concepts: Congruence: it refers to the degree of fit between an individual’s personality orientations and actual or contemplated work environment. One is believed to be more satisfied with his career and can perform better if he is in a congruent work environment. Consistency: it refers to the degree of relationship between types or the various classifications.Types that are adjacent on the hexagon have more in common than types that are opposite. For instance, the conventional type might be more realistic and enterprising than be artistic. Differentiation: it is the establishment of differences or a difference among two or more things. It refers to the degree to which a person or his environment is clearly defined. | | Vocational identity: extent to which a person has a clear self perception of his or her characteristics and goals, and to the degree of stability which an occupational environment provides.Holland’s theory is criticised as basically descriptive with focus on explanation of casual basis of time period in development of hierarchies of the personal model styles. He was concerned with factors that influence career choice rather than development process that leads to career choice (Zunker, 1990). This theory focus mainly on how a personality can be matched with a career rather than how other factors like environmental and/or interpersonal factors influence the individual’s choice. It is therefore limited as far as the current research is concerned. 2. 3. 3 Anne Roe’s Personality/Need Theory Akinade, Sokan and Oserenren (1996) posit that this theory see one’s need as the main determinant of the nature of an individual’s interests including vocational interest.This theorist was of the view that career choice is based on childhood orientation or experience at home to satisfy needs; and that people choose occupation that satisfies important needs. This theory attempts to understand, make meaning of, and utilize individual motives, purposes and drives to support career development. She believed work can satisfy needs in different ways hence classification of occupation into eight groups. According to Roe (1956) cited in Zunker (1990), the first five can be classified as person-oriented and the last three as non-person oriented. 1. Service (something for another person); 2. Business contact (selling and supplying services); 3. Organisation (managemen t in business, industry and government); 4.Technology (product maintenance, transportation of commodities ); 5. Outdoors (cultivating, preserving natural resources); 6. Science (scientific theory and its application); 7. General culture (preserving and transmitting cultural heritage) & 8. Arts and Entertainment (creative art and entertainment) Anne Roe’s theory was based on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs stated in this order: 1. Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Need for belongingness and love 4. Need for importance, respect, self-esteem and independence 5. Need for information 6. Need for understanding 7. Need for beauty and aesthetic 8. Need for self-actualization